{"id":1214,"date":"2020-09-09T11:28:55","date_gmt":"2020-09-09T08:28:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/?p=1214"},"modified":"2020-09-09T11:30:10","modified_gmt":"2020-09-09T08:30:10","slug":"uluslararasi-yatirim-hukukunda-kamulastirma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/uluslararasi-yatirim-hukukunda-kamulastirma\/","title":{"rendered":"Uluslararas\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Hukukunda Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 evsahibi devlet topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bir yat\u0131r\u0131m yapar ve bu yat\u0131r\u0131m projesine b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda parasal de\u011fer ba\u011flar. Yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulan projeler b\u00fcy\u00fck maliyetli ve uzun d\u00f6nemli oldu\u011fundan, uzun vadeli finansal riskleri de beraberinde getirir. Yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilen uzun vadeli risklerden bir tanesi de, yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n evsahibi devlet taraf\u0131ndan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya tabi tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu noktada, evsahibi devletin egemenlik tasarruflar\u0131ndan bir tanesi olan kamula\u015ft\u0131rma, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelen en kapsaml\u0131 m\u00fcdahalelerden bir tanesi olup Uluslararas\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Hukuku dahilinde \u00f6nem arz eden konulardan bir tanesidir. Bu yaz\u0131da da uluslararas\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m hukukunda kamula\u015ft\u0131rma kavram\u0131 yol g\u00f6sterici tahkim kararlar\u0131yla birlikte ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>

Do\u011frudan Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma ve Dolayl\u0131 Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong><\/p>

Do\u011frudan kamula\u015ft\u0131rma, devlet tasarrufu ile birlikte yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n, yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerindeki m\u00fclkiyetini ya devletin el koymas\u0131 ile ya da m\u00fclkiyetin devlet kontrol\u00fcnde bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye devredilmesi ile kaybetmesi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma ise, devlet tasarrufu ile \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemeler veya ortaya konulan tedbirler neticesinde yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan menfaat elde etmesinin s\u00fcresiz bir \u015fekilde imkans\u0131z hale getirilmesi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Bu iki kamula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7e\u015fidi aras\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck fark, g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, do\u011frudan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmada yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerindeki m\u00fclkiyet s\u0131fat\u0131 elinden al\u0131n\u0131rken, dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rmada yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet s\u0131fat\u0131 etkilenmeksizin yat\u0131r\u0131mdan menfaat elde etmesi imkans\u0131z hale getirilmektedir.<\/p>

Do\u011frudan kamula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n, mahiyeti gere\u011fi, etki ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olaylar baz\u0131nda bariz bir \u015fekilde ortaya konulabilmekte ise de, dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in ayn\u0131s\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamaktad\u0131r. Zira, bir devlet tasarrufunun dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma sonucunu olu\u015fturup olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in kesin bir tan\u0131m bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple, tahkim davalar\u0131nda hakem heyetleri dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit ederken s\u00f6z konusu devlet tasarrufunun yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde do\u011furdu\u011fu etkiyi esas alma yoluna gitmi\u015flerdir. Hakem heyetleri taraf\u0131ndan devletlerim saikinden ziyade, tasarruflar\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcne, yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n de\u011ferine veya ekonomik getirisinin etkilenip etkilenmedi\u011fine bak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu etkinin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde (substantial) oldu\u011fu ve dikkate de\u011fer bir periyodu kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edildi\u011finde somut olayda dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma bulundu\u011fu hususuna yakla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

Bir devlet tasarrufunun hangi durumlarda dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma olarak nitelendirildi\u011finin daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in baz\u0131 tahkim kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131nda fayda bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin RFCC v. Morocco<\/em> karar\u0131nda bir tasarrufun dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma sonucunu do\u011furmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu tasarrufun yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerindeki hakl\u0131 beklentilerini ortadan kald\u0131racak ve yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerindeki haklar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 anlams\u0131z k\u0131lacak \u015fekilde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer taraftan CMS v. Argentina <\/em>karar\u0131na konu olan olayda Arjantin Devleti ekonomik krizi \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek A.B.D\u2019li CMS \u015eirketi\u2019nin faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gaz ta\u015f\u0131ma sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne ait \u00f6nceden \u00fczerinde anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tarife \u015femas\u0131n\u0131 iptal etmi\u015f, CMS de bu tasarrufun dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma sonucunu do\u011frudu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Her ne kadar tahkim heyeti taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan incelemede bu tasarrufun CMS\u2019in faaliyetleri \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir etki do\u011furdu\u011fu de\u011ferlendirmesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da CMS\u2019in halen yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerinde tam kontrol sahibi oldu\u011fu ortaya konularak \u201c\u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde mahrum kalma\u201d (substantial deprivation) bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve CMS\u2019in dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma bulundu\u011fu iddias\u0131 reddedilmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer bir \u00f6rnek olarak Telenor v. Hungary<\/em> karar\u0131na konu olan olayda, Telenor \u015eirketi\u2019nin faaliyet g\u00f6steri\u011fi telekom sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne Macaristan taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zel bir vergi getirilmi\u015ftir. Tahkim heyeti bir tasarrufun dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma olu\u015fturmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131m ve yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ekonomik de\u011feri \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck olumsuz etki do\u011furmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi de\u011ferlendirmesinde bulunmu\u015ftur. Ancak, \u00f6zel verginin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir miktar oldu\u011fu ve dolayl\u0131 kamu\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in ortaya konulan genel e\u015fikten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle tahkim heyeti Telenor\u2019un bu iddias\u0131n\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bir devlet tasarrufunun dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma olu\u015fturmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri, ekonomik getirisi ve yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n kontrol\u00fc gibi hususlar \u00fczerindeki etkilere bak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu etkilere bak\u0131l\u0131rken s\u00f6z konusu tasarrufun yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olumsuz etki do\u011furmas\u0131, onu yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde mahrum b\u0131rakmas\u0131 gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler de\u011ferlendirilerek seviyesi ortaya konulmaktad\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda bir yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olumsuz etkileyen veya yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131y\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde mahrum b\u0131rakan bir seviyedeki devlet tasarrufunun dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma sonucu do\u011furdu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilecektir.\u00a0<\/p>

T\u0131rmanan Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong><\/p>

Di\u011fer taraftan, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde kamula\u015ft\u0131rma sonucu her zaman tek bir devlet tasarrufu ile olu\u015fmak zorunda de\u011fildir. Kimi durumlarda devletler belirli bir s\u00fcreye yay\u0131lan bir dizi tasarruf ile yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti \u00fczerindeki haklar\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkileyebilir, b\u00f6ylece dolayl\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma sonucu do\u011fabilir. Bu \u015fekilde yap\u0131lan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u201ct\u0131rmanan kamula\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d denilmekle birlikte, UNCTAD bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda bu kavram\u0131, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti \u00fczerindeki bir veya daha fazla m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelmek suretiyle yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n de\u011ferini ortadan kald\u0131ran yava\u015f ve kademeli bir elatma olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>

T\u0131rmanan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya ili\u015fkin olarak Siemens v. Argentina<\/em> karar\u0131 yol g\u00f6stericidir. Bu karara konu olan olayda ev sahibi devlet ertelemeler yapma, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n karl\u0131 faaliyetlerini durdurma, hi\u00e7bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapma ve en sonunda projeyi iptal etme \u015feklinde yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131y\u0131 olumsuz etkileyen bir dizi tasarrufta bulunmu\u015ftur. Tahkim heyeti bu davada \u201ct\u0131rmanan kamula\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d oldu\u011funu tespit ederek, bunun en sonunda kamula\u015ft\u0131rma etkisi do\u011furan ad\u0131mlarla tamamlanan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 oldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015ftir. Her bir ad\u0131m\u0131n hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmayabilece\u011fini belirten tahkim heyeti, bu ad\u0131mlardan bir tanesinin tepe noktas\u0131 (straw that breaks the camel\u2019s back) oldu\u011funu ve kamula\u015ft\u0131rma sonucunu do\u011furdu\u011funu belirtmi\u015f ve bu noktaya kadar olan b\u00fct\u00fcn ad\u0131mlar\u0131n da bu sonuca katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, ev sahibi devletlerin hukukun etraf\u0131ndan dolanmak suretiyle bir dizi i\u015flemde bulunarak kamula\u015ft\u0131rma sonucunu gizlemesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesi ad\u0131na \u201ct\u0131rmanan kamula\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n ortaya konulmas\u0131 ve bu \u015fekilde yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n menfaatlerinin korunmas\u0131 \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>

Hukuka Uygun Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong><\/p>

Uluslararas\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Hukuku alt\u0131nda bir kamula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n hukuka uygun oldu\u011funun kabul edilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fartlar ortaya konulmu\u015ftur. \u0130kili yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131nda ve Enerji \u015eart\u0131 Anla\u015fmas\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131nda kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerde kendisine yer bulan bu \u015fartlar \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>

  • Kamusal Ama\u00e7la Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilme<\/li>
  • Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k Yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Olmas\u0131<\/li>
  • Kanuna Uygun Bir \u015eekilde Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme<\/li>
  • Zaman\u0131nda, Yeterli ve Etkin Tazminat \u00d6denmesi<\/li><\/ul>

    Bu noktada, \u201cKamusal Ama\u00e7\u201d ile ifade edilmek istenen, milli g\u00fcvenlik veya halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kamu yarar\u0131na y\u00f6nelen ama\u00e7lard\u0131r. \u201cAyr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k Yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Olmas\u0131\u201d hususu ise kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemi yap\u0131l\u0131rken yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131ya idari merciiler veya yarg\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik tan\u0131mak olup kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemi yap\u0131l\u0131rken de yerli ve yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fit tutulmas\u0131 \u015feklinde de\u011ferlendirilebilecektir. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n \u201cKanuna Uygun Bir \u015eekilde Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi\u201d ise yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131ya uluslararas\u0131 hukukun gerektirdi\u011fi asgari m\u00fc\u015fterekte ba\u015fvuru imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve hukuki dinlenilme veya savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nabilecektir. Son olarak da \u201cZaman\u0131nda, Yeterli ve Etkin Tazminat \u00d6denmesi\u201d \u015fart\u0131 ile kamula\u015ft\u0131rma neticesinde yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131ya \u00f6denecek olan tazminat\u0131n \u00f6denme \u015fekli, miktar\u0131 ve zaman\u0131na ili\u015fkin asgari belirleme ortaya konulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

    Bu do\u011frultuda bu \u015fartlar\u0131n hepsini eksiksiz bir \u015fekilde i\u00e7eren kamula\u015ft\u0131rma hukuka uygun kabul edilecek iken, bu \u015fartlardan herhangi biri sa\u011flanmayan durumlarda \u201chukuksuz kamula\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d s\u00f6z konusu olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, herhangi bir kamusal ama\u00e7 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmeden yap\u0131lan bir kamula\u015ft\u0131rma veya yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca yabanc\u0131 olmas\u0131 sebebiyle yap\u0131lan bir kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yahut yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131ya hukuki ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131 sa\u011flanmadan, savunmas\u0131 al\u0131nmadan veya dinlenilmeden yap\u0131lan bir kamula\u015ft\u0131rma ve kamula\u015ft\u0131rma neticesinde yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131ya zaman\u0131nda, yeterli ve etkin tazminat \u00f6denmeyen bir kamula\u015ft\u0131rma \u201chukuksuz kamula\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d olarak nitelendirilebilecektir.<\/p>

    Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>

    G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, Uluslararas\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Hukuku\u2019nda devletlerin egemenlik hak ve yetkileri dahilinde ba\u015fvurabilecekleri bir yol olan kamula\u015ft\u0131rma ile yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede uzun d\u00f6nemli ve b\u00fcy\u00fck parasal de\u011ferler ba\u011flayarak \u00fcstlendikleri riskler aras\u0131nda bir denge kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kapsamda, evsahibi devletlerin kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yapmalar\u0131 belirli \u015fartlara ba\u011flanarak yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lara g\u00fcvence ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Ne var ki, Uluslararas\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Hukuku\u2019nda \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kavramlar\u0131n net birer tan\u0131mlar\u0131 olmay\u0131p tahkim kararlar\u0131 neticesinde belli durumlara \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler ortaya konulmaktad\u0131r. Ortaya konulan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler do\u011frultusunda ve somut olaylar\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri baz\u0131nda hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir kamula\u015ft\u0131rma olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mda bulunmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilecektir. Hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir kamula\u015ft\u0131rma ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen bir yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n ise, hukuki olarak dayanabilece\u011fi ikili veya \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 bir yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmas\u0131 eliyle uluslararas\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m tahkimine ba\u015fvurmas\u0131 ve tazminat gibi hukuki \u00e7areleri talep etmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>

    Yararlan\u0131lan Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>

    Banu \u015eit K\u00f6\u015fgero\u011flu (2012), Enerji Yat\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ve Bunlar\u0131n Uluslararas\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Anla\u015fmalar\u0131 ile Korunmas\u0131.<\/p>

    Schreuer and Dolzer (2012), Principles of International Investment Law.<\/p>

    Sedat \u00c7al (2009), Uluslararas\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Tahkimi ve Kamu Hukuku \u0130li\u015fkisi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 evsahibi devlet topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bir yat\u0131r\u0131m yapar ve bu yat\u0131r\u0131m projesine b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda parasal de\u011fer ba\u011flar. Yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulan projeler b\u00fcy\u00fck maliyetli ve uzun d\u00f6nemli oldu\u011fundan, uzun vadeli finansal riskleri de beraberinde getirir. Yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilen uzun vadeli risklerden bir tanesi de, yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n evsahibi devlet taraf\u0131ndan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya tabi tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ulusal-ve-uluslararasi-tahkim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1214"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1214\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1216,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1214\/revisions\/1216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1214"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}