{"id":1209,"date":"2020-09-01T10:48:09","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T07:48:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/?p=1209"},"modified":"2020-09-01T10:49:51","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T07:49:51","slug":"etkili-basvuru-hakki-incelemesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/etkili-basvuru-hakki-incelemesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Etkili Ba\u015fvuru Hakk\u0131 \u0130ncelemesi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Bu yaz\u0131da esas olarak etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde (S\u00f6zle\u015fme) nas\u0131l d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi ve neleri kapsam\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu bireysel ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131 ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin ilgili kararlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131narak bu hakka ili\u015fkin bir ihlal s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda nas\u0131l ba\u015fvuruda bulunulabilece\u011fi inceleme konusu yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n uygulanma \u00e7er\u00e7evesi ilgili yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131nca, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ele al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler ve yorumlar getirilerek \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>

\u00d6ncelikle, Anayasa\u2019da etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen 40\u2019\u0131nc\u0131 maddeye g\u00f6re, \u201cAnayasa ile tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f hak ve h\u00fcrriyetleri ihl\u00e2l edilen herkes, yetkili makama geciktirilmeden ba\u015fvurma imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 isteme hakk\u0131na sahiptir\u201d. S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin ayn\u0131 hususu d\u00fczenleyen 13\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc maddesi ise \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019de tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ihlal edilen herkes, s\u00f6z konusu ihlal resmi bir hizmetin ifas\u0131 i\u00e7in davranan ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olsa dahi, ulusal bir merci \u00f6n\u00fcnde etkili bir yola ba\u015fvurma hakk\u0131na sahiptir.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>

Yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda ise, Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin Leander-\u0130sve\u00e7 davas\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n bir nevi en geni\u015f \u00e7er\u00e7evesini \u00e7izen yorum yol g\u00f6stericidir. A\u0130HM bu karar\u0131nda etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi kapsam\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerin esas al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir (26 Mart 1987, \u00a7 77, Seri A no. 116, s. 29-30). \u0130lgili \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00f6zetlenebilir.<\/p>

  1. Bireyler, u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 hak ihlalleri sebebiyle \u00fclkelerinde zarar\u0131n telafisi i\u00e7in bir makama ba\u015fvurabilmelidirler.<\/li>
  2. 13\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc maddede belirtilen makam bir yarg\u0131 makam\u0131 olmak zorunda de\u011fildir, ancak bu makam\u0131n yetkileri ve sundu\u011fu teminatlar ba\u015fvurunun etkili olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususunda belirleyici mahiyettedir.<\/li>
  3. Bir ba\u015fvuru yolu, hak ihlalinin tazmini i\u00e7in yeterli \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131masa bile ulusal mevzuatta yer alan ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131 bu do\u011frultuda yeterli olabilir.<\/li><\/ol>

    Belirtilmelidir ki, yukar\u0131da yorumunda ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerin ortaya konuldu\u011fu etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na bir hak ihlali iddias\u0131n\u0131n konusu yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Hem Anayasa h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn hem de S\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201c.. hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ihlal edilen herkes … etkili bir yola ba\u015fvurma hakk\u0131na sahiptir.\u201d \u015feklinde belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fka bir hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ihlali kapsam\u0131nda, \u201cetkili\u201d bir yola ba\u015fvurulamam\u0131\u015f olunmas\u0131, b\u00f6yle bir yolun bulunmamas\u0131 veya sa\u011flanan yolun \u201cetkili\u201d olmamas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu hususta Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin \u015fu karar\u0131 yol g\u00f6sterici olmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>

    \u201c… soyut olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmay\u0131p, mutlaka Anayasa ve S\u00f6zle\u015fme kapsam\u0131nda yer alan di\u011fer temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yasa\u011f\u0131 ve etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edilip edilmedi\u011finin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, ihlal iddias\u0131n\u0131n, ki\u015finin hangi temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hangi temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorular\u0131na cevap verebilmesi gerekmektedir<\/strong>.\u201d (B. No: 2012\/1049, 26\/03\/2013, \u00a7 33)<\/p>

    Etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi iddias\u0131n\u0131n hangi \u015fartla ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131ktan sonra \u201cetkili\u201d kelimesi ile ifade edilmek istenilen husus a\u00e7\u0131klanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kapsamda, \u201cetkili\u201d ifadesinden ne anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ilgili yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131yla ortaya konulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin yerle\u015fmi\u015f i\u00e7tihad\u0131nda bir ba\u015fvuru yolunun etkili olu\u015fu \u015fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerle ortaya konulmu\u015ftur, \u201cBa\u015fvuru yolunun bir hak ihlali iddias\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilme, devam etmekteyse sonland\u0131rabilme veya sona ermi\u015f bir hak ihlalini karara ba\u011flayabilme ve bunun i\u00e7in uygun bir tazminat sunabilmesi halinde ancak etkilili\u011finden s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir<\/strong>.\u201d (B. No: 2012\/1128, 08\/05\/2014, \u00a7 34). Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin bu tutumundan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u015fka bir kararda da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere bir ba\u015fvuru yolunun mevzuatta d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olmas\u0131 yeterli olmay\u0131p bu ba\u015fvuru yolunun etkili olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>

    \u201cAncak t\u00fcketilmesi gereken ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131labilir olmalar\u0131 yan\u0131nda, telafi kabiliyetini haiz ve t\u00fcketildiklerinde ba\u015fvurucunun \u015fik\u00e2yetlerini gidermede makul ba\u015far\u0131 \u015fans\u0131 tan\u0131malar\u0131 gerekir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla mevzuatta bu yollara yer verilmesi tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli olmay\u0131p uygulamada da etkili olduklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterilmesi ya da en az\u0131ndan etkili olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131tlanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir<\/strong>.\u201d (B. No: 2012\/239, 02\/07\/2013, \u00a7 29)<\/p>

    G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, bir ba\u015fvuru yolunun etkili olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenirken, mevzuatta d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup olmamas\u0131, kapsam\u0131, ne kadar etkili g\u00f6z\u00fckt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. Son tahlilde, bir ba\u015fvuru yolunun \u201cetkili\u201d olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in bu yolun ba\u015fvuran ki\u015fi merkezde olmak \u00fczere somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f kendisini Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin \u015fu bireysel ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>

    \u201cAyr\u0131ca, ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketme kural\u0131 ne kesin ne \u015fekl\u00ee olarak uygulanabilir bir kural olup, bu kurala riayetin denetlenmesinde m\u00fcnferit ba\u015fvurunun ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 esast\u0131r. Bu anlamda, yaln\u0131zca hukuk sisteminde bir tak\u0131m ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bunlar\u0131n uygulama \u015fartlar\u0131 ile ba\u015fvurucunun ki\u015fisel ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/strong> Bu nedenle ba\u015fvurucunun, kendisinden ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcketilmesi noktas\u0131nda beklenebilecek her \u015feyi yerine getirip getirmedi\u011finin ba\u015fvurunun \u00f6zellikleri dikkate al\u0131narak incelenmesi gerekir\u201d (B. No: 2013\/2284, 15\/4\/2014, \u00a7 42)<\/p>

    Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu bireysel ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131ndaki bu tutum Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin bu konudaki tutumuyla paralellik arz etmektedir (\u0130lhan \/T\u00fcrkiye, B. No. 22277\/93, 27\/7\/2000, \u00a7 59).<\/p>

    Son olarak, bir ba\u015fvuru yolunun etkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edildi\u011finde ne olaca\u011f\u0131 hususu da \u00f6nemlidir. Zira, bir ba\u015fvuru yolunun etkisiz oldu\u011fu tespit edildi\u011finde hak ihlali iddias\u0131nda bulunan kimse bu ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketmeksizin, do\u011frudan Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019ne bireysel ba\u015fvuruda bulunabilecektir. Ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131n etkili olmamas\u0131 sebebiyle ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hak ihlali devam eden kimse bu hususa dayanarak hak ihlali iddias\u0131nda bulunabilecektir. Ayr\u0131ca ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131n etkisizli\u011fini ortaya koyarak Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019ne do\u011frudan bireysel ba\u015fvuruda bulunan kimse de Devlet\u2019in gerek Anayasa\u2019da gerek S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019de \u00fcstlendi\u011fi etkili ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131 sa\u011flama y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getirmedi\u011fi hususuna dayanarak hak ihlali iddias\u0131nda bulunabilecektir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bu yaz\u0131da esas olarak etkili ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde (S\u00f6zle\u015fme) nas\u0131l d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi ve neleri kapsam\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu bireysel ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131 ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin ilgili kararlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131narak bu hakka ili\u015fkin bir ihlal s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda nas\u0131l ba\u015fvuruda bulunulabilece\u011fi inceleme konusu yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Etkili ba\u015fvuru […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1209","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dava-takibi-ve-uyusmazlik-cozumu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1209","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1209"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1209\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1211,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1209\/revisions\/1211"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1209"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1209"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kokvekok.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1209"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}